GEOGRAPHY TERMS

GEOGRAPHY TERMS 

ANTIPODES	A region or place on the opposite side of a point on the earth.
ANTICYCLONES	Winds which blow outward from the center.
APHELION	Position of the earth in its orbit when is at the maximum distance from the sun.
ARCHIPELAGO	A cluster of islands, e.g., Pearl Islands in the Gulf of Panama.
ATOLL	Coral reef resembling a horse shoe, enclosing a lagoon.
AXIS	An imaginary line joining north and south poles.
AVALANCHE	A vast mass of snow mixed with earth or stones.
BIOSPHERE	Animate or inanimate organic kingdom on earth.
CANYON	A deep valley cut by a river through a mountain region, e,g., the Grand Canyon of the Colarado river in the USA.
CONTINENTAL SHELF	Land adjoining a continent submerged in the sea.
CYCLONES	A low pressure system area in which the wind blows spirally inward.
CROP ROTATION	Growing different crops needing different minerals for their growth in the same piece of land in order to get more yield.
DATE LINE	An imaginary line pointing north-south approximating to the Meridian 180 (east or west) where the date changes by one day the moment it is crossed.
DELTA	Alluvial deposit shaped like Greek letter, formed at the mouth of the river, where it falls into the sea, e.g., the Sunderban delta.
DEW	Condensed atmospheric water vapours due to the cooling of the air.
DRY FARMING	Growing of crops in low rainfall areas by moisture conservation, crop rotation but without irrigation.
EQUATOR	An imaginary line dividing the earth into two equal parts.
EQUINOXES	The day on which nights and days are of equal duration, e.g., March 22 and September 23.
EROSION	Wearing away of the earth's land surface by rain, wind, water, etc. rendering the land infertile.
ECLIPSE	When one earthly body obscures another one partially or completely.
FOG	When the atmospheric moisture touches cold earth and condenses on dust particles.
FROST	When the atmospheric moisture deposits in the shape of icy flakes on the exposed objects or near the ground due to below freezing point temperature.
HIGH SEAS	The parts of the sea which do not come under the territorial jurisdiction of the nations.
ICEBERG	Huge mass of ice separated from glacier in the polar regions. These masses of ice float in the oceans with 9 parts submerged in the ocean and one part visible.
ISOBARS	Lines on the map connecting the places of the same pressure.
ISOTHERMS	Lines on the map joining the places of the same temperature.
ISTHMUS	Narrow neck of land joining two land areas.
KUNDAN	Anew variety of wheat which gives high yields in both rained and irrigated tracts and responds well to low dose of water and fertiliser.
LAGOON	A shallow stream of water at the mouth of a river enclosed bu dunes of river silt.
LIGHT YEAR	The distance traveled by light in one year. It is equal to 9.4*10612 km.
LOCAL TIME	Time calculated from the sun at noon at any place of earth.
MERIDIAN	Imaginary line joining north and south poles and cutting the equator at right angles.
MIST	It is just like fog but contain more moisture.
OASIS	A part of the desert where water and vegetation are found.
ORBIT	The path of the heavenly bodies.
PYGMALLION POINT	The southernmost point of India, 700 km away from mainland India.
PRAIRIES	Smooth, treeless, green plain of Central and North America.
REEF	Jutting of rock or shingle or sand at just above or below sea level.
SAVANNA	Land covered with natural grass.
SIDEREAL DAY	Time taken by the earth to rotate once round its axis.
SNOW LINE	Altitudinal line along which the area remains snow clad.
SPRING TIDES	Higher tides in the ocean caused by the sun and the moon together. When the sun, the earth and the moon are positioned in a straight line.
NEAP TIDES	Tides caused by the differences of the forces exerted by the moon and the sun when both are at right angles to each other.
TORNADO	A brisk and violent storm generally having rotator motion.
TUNDRAS	Peripheral area of Arctic ocean.
TYCOON	Violent hurricane in China Sea.
WEATHER SATELLITE	Artificial satellite designed to forecast weather.
WESTERLIES	Constant winds blowing from south-west in the northern hemisphere and north-west in south hemisphere.

ECONOMIC TERMS

ECONOMIC TERMS 

Absolute advantage: A country has an absolute advantage if its output per unit of input of all goods and services produced is higher than that of another country.

Ad valorem taxin Latin: to the value added) - a tax based on the value (or assessed value) of property.

Aggregate demand is the sum of all demand in an economy. This can be computed by adding the expenditure on consumer goods and services, investment, and not exports (total exports minus total imports).

Aggregate supply is the total value of the goods and services produced in a country, plus the value of imported goods less the value of exports.


Alternative minimum tax: An IRS mechanism created to ensure that high-income individuals, corporations, trusts, and estates pay at least some minimum amount of tax, regardless of deductions, credits or exemptions. It operates by adding certain tax-preference items back into adjusted gross income. While it was once only important for a small number of high-income individuals who made extensive use of tax shelters and deductions, more and more people are being affected by it. The AMT is triggered when there are large numbers of personal exemptions on state and local taxes paid, large numbers of miscellaneous itemized deductions or medical expenses, or by Incentive Stock Option (ISO) plans.

Asset: Anything of monetary value that is owned by a person. Assets include real property, personal property, and enforceable claims against others (including bank accounts, stocks, mutual funds, and so on).

Average propensity to consume is the proportion of income the average family spends on goods and services.

Average propensity to save is the proportion of income the average family saves (does not spend on consumption).

Average total cost is the sum of all the production costs divided by the number of units produced.


Balance of trade: The difference in value over a period of time between a country's imports and exports.

Barter system: System where there is an exchange goods without involving money.

Base year: In the construction of an index, the year from which the weights assigned to the different components of the index is drawn. It is conventional to set the value of an index in its base year equal to 100.

Bear: An investor with a pessimistic market outlook; an investor who expects prices to fall and so sells now in order to buy later at a lower price

Bid price: The highest price an investor is willing to pay for a stock.

Bill of exchange: A written, dated, and signed three-party instrument containing an unconditional order by a drawer that directs a drawee to pay a definite sum of money to a payee on demand or at a specified future date. Also known as a draft. It is the most commonly used financial instrument in international trade.

Birth rate: The number of births in a year per 1,000 population.

Bond: A certificate of debt (usually interest-bearing or discounted) that is issued by a government or corporation in order to raise money; the issuer is required to pay a fixed sum annually until maturity and then a fixed sum to repay the principal.

Boom: A state of economic prosperity

Break even: This is a term used to describe a point at which revenues equal costs (fixed and variable).

Bretton Woods: An international monetary system operating from 1946-1973. The value of the dollar was fixed in terms of gold, and every other country held its currency at a fixed exchange rate against the dollar; when trade deficits occurred, the central bank of the deficit country financed the deficit with its reserves of international currencies. The Bretton Woods system collapsed in 1971 when the US abandoned the gold standard.

Budget: A summary of intended expenditures along with proposals for how to meet them. A budget can provide guidelines for managing future investments and expenses.

Budget deficit is the amount by which government spending exceeds government revenues during a specified period of time usually a year.

Bull: An investor with an optimistic market outlook; an investor who expects prices to rise and so buys now for resale later

List of Lok Sabha Speakers in India

List of Lok Sabha Speakers in India

Lok Sabha	First meeting	Dissolution	Speaker	Tenure	Party
First Lok Sabha	13 May, 1952	4 April, 1957	Shri Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar	15 May, 1952-27 –  February, 1956	Indian National Congress
			Shri M. Ananthasayanam Ayyangar	8 March, 1956 –  10 May, 1957	Indian National Congress
Second Lok Sabha	10 May, 1957	31 March, 1962	Shri M. Ananthasayanam Ayyangar	11 May, 1957 –  16 April, 1962	Indian National Congress
Third Lok Sabha	16 April, 1962	3 March,  1967	Shri Hukam Singh	17 April, 1962 –  16 March, 1967	Indian National Congress
Fourth Lok Sabha	16 March, 1967	7 December, 1970	Shri Neelam Sanjiva Reddy	17 March, 1967 –  19 July, 1969	Indian National Congress
			Shri Gurdial Singh Dhillon	8 August, 1969 –  19 March, 1971	Indian National Congress
Fifth Lok Sabha	19 March, 1971	18 January, 1977	Shri Gurdial Singh Dhillon	22 March, 1971 –  1 December, 1975	Indian National Congress
			Shri Bali Ram Bhagat	5 January, 1976 –  25 March, 1977	Indian National Congress
Sixth Lok Sabha	25 March, 1977	22 August, 1979	Shri Neelam Sanjiva Reddy	26 March, 1977 –  13 July, 1977	Janata Party
			Shri K. S. Hegde	21 July, 1977 –  21 January, 1980	Janata Party
Seventh Lok Sabha	21 January, 1980	31 December, 1984	Shri Bal Ram Jakhar	22 January, 1980 –  15 January, 1985	Indian National Congress
Eighth Lok Sabha	15 January, 1985	27 November, 1989	Shri Bal Ram Jakhar,	16 January, 1985 –  18 December, 1989	Indian National Congress
Ninth Lok Sabha	18 December, 1989	13 March, 1991	Shri Ravi Ray	19 December, 1989 –  9 July, 1991	Janata Party
Tenth Lok Sabha	9 July, 1991	10 May, 1996	Shri Shivraj V. Patil	10 July, 1991 –  22 May, 1996	Indian National Congress
Eleventh Lok Sabha	22 May, 1996	4 Dec., 1997	Shri P. A. Sangma	23 May, 1996 –  23 March, 1998 (FN)	Indian National Congress
Twelfth Lok Sabha	23 March, 1998,	26 April, 1999	Shri G. M. C. Balayogi	24 March, 1998 –  20 October, 1999 (FN)	Telugu Desam Party
Thirteenth Lok Sabha	20 October, 1999	6 February, 2004	Shri G. M. C. Balayogi	22 October, 1999 –  3 March, 2002	Telugu Desam Party
			Shri Manohar Joshi	10 May, 2002 –  4 June, 2004	Shiv Sena
Fourteenth Lok Sabha	2 June, 2004	18 May, 2009	Shri Somnath Chatterjee	4 June, 2004 –  30 May 2009	Communist Party of India (Marxist)
Fifteen Lok Sabha	1 July, 2009	———–	Meira Kumar	30 May 2009–present	Indian National Congress